The Development Of Astronomy During The Scientific Revolution

The Development in Astronomy During the Scientific Revolution Daniel Huffman World History and Geography II Mr. Struck December 8, 2016 Astronomy, the field pertaining to the study of space and the objects that exist within it, is a constantly developing science. Beginning in ancient times, humans would rely on astronomy to observe the positions of the moon and stars in order to measure time and direction (Astronomy, sec. 1). Up until the mid-16th century, the widespread belief among Europeans was that the stars and other celestial bodies orbit the Earth, a theory established by the astronomer Ptolemy (Furlong 80). With the limited technology available at their time, Ptolemy’s geocentric theory was left largely untested, at least until the dawn of the Scientific Revolution. During the Scientific Revolution, a period of several hundred years where science developed to greater resemble our modern practices rather than the more religious and philosophical mindset of the time prior, notable scientists such as Galileo, Copernicus, and Newton made major discoveries in fields such as astronomy. This revolution starte d with the development of Copernicus’ heliocentric theory of the structure of the solar system, which directly contradicted the accepted beliefs of the time (Scientific Revolution). In the beginning of the 17th century, Galileo designed and constructed an improved telescope, which he used to make significant astronomical discoveries thatShow MoreRelatedChinas Scientific Revolution in the Tang and Song Dynasties779 Words   |  3 PagesThe scientific revolution was most notable in the Tang and Song Dynasties which covered a span of three hundred years. 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Analysing A Contract Of Affreightment Engineering Essay Free Essays

string(104) " we will happen Voyage cost and running cost based on given informations and consequences of inquiry 1\." This is Scenario where we have to analyse one-year Contract of Affreightment ( COA ) to provide 1,750,000 metric tons of Fe ore to the Isdemir Fe A ; steel work, Turkey. COA contract where ship proprietor agrees to transport a series of lading packages for a fixed monetary value per ton ( Stop Ford M, 2009, pg.183 ) or it is an understanding between an proprietor and a charterer to transport a given measure of lading or measure as required by the charterer during a given period of clip. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysing A Contract Of Affreightment Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The proprietor is free to make up one’s mind which vas he will utilize. As Operation director of Company we have to happen out whether to offer for this contract or non. In the contract two burden ports are Ponda district attorney Madeira ( Brazil ) for 810,000 metric tons and East intercourse Is, Dampier ( Australia ) for 940,000 Fe ore. Based on the appraisal, Manager has to happen the low Time charter rate by best possible operation of the majority bearer. For happening Time charter tantamount value we have to see several factors sand traps, port charges, canal dues. Stowage factor for Fe ore is 0.40 M3 per metric ton. All Cargo holds are of equal volume and surrogate holds 2, 4, 6 A ; 8 are empty. In this scenario port charges for Isdemir and Ponta da Madeira is given. Dampier port cost to be calculated merely sing port dues and navigation merely. Ship sand trap is to be planned one time in a unit of ammunition ocean trip. It is to be taken wherever monetary value is cheaper. Current market value is attached in appendix. Now, I will discourse the each inquiry in item one by one as follows. Undertaking 1: Calculate the maximal measure of Fe ore that can be carried from each lading port, based on the ship ‘s design bill of exchange deadweight, and the ship ‘s clasp use For the computation of Maximum measure of Fe that ship can transport depends on the deadweight of the ship. Deadweight is normally denotes Ship transporting capacity in metric tons.Deadweight includes weight of Fuel, shops, H2O, changeless which required onboard ship. Deadweight of this majority bearer is given as 137,000 metric tons Dwt of ship =137,000t Changeless = 500t Fresh H2O = 300t Since Constant and Fresh H2O required all the clip on-board ship. So, we subtract it from ship transporting capacity. Now, Ship can transport = 136, 200t This value besides includes the Fuel weight for one unit of ammunition ocean trip Round ocean trip ponta district attorney Madeira ( Brazil ) -Isdemir ( Meleagris gallopavo ) -ponta da Madeira ( Brazil ) : Sea Distance between Isdemir- ponta district attorney Madeira = 5201 nanometer ( via Gibraltar ) ( Please refer to http: //e-ships.net/dist.htm viewed on 24th Sep. 2010 ) Round the ocean trip distance = 10,402 nanometer Ship speed= 14.2 — — — — ( Given ) Entire Sea clip required cover above distance = 30.5 yearss Sing 10 % possible delay’s= 33.6 yearss — — — — — ( 1 ) Port Time Harmonizing to the Appendices 1 A ; 2 of the contract loading/Discharging rate shall be 40,000 W.M.T ( Wet Metric Tonnes ) per conditions working twenty-four hours. If we consider ladings that ship can transport with changeless and fresh Water = 136, 200t — — — — — – ( 3 ) Loading rate at Ponda district attorney Madeira = 40,000 w.m.t. Approximate laytime in port Ponda district attorney Madeira = 3.05 yearss Dispatching rate at Isdemir = 40,000 w.m.t Approximate Laytime in Isdemir = 3.05 yearss Entire clip in ports = 6.1 yearss Sing 10 % possible hold ‘s = 6.7 yearss — — — — — — – ( 2 ) From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) Entire figure of yearss for one ocean trip = 40.3 yearss As chief engine fuel ingestion is 42.4t of IFO per twenty-four hours at MCR and 10t of MDO per twenty-four hours at sea and in port. IFO required for 33.6 yearss = 1424 T — — — — — — — — — — – ( 1a ) MDO required for 33.6 yearss = 336 T — — — — — — — — ( 2a ) MDO required in port for 6.7 yearss = 67 T — — — — — – ( 2c ) Entire Tonnes of fuel Required =1826 T — — — — — — — — — — — — — – ( 4 ) From ( 3 ) A ; ( 4 ) Now, Maximum Fe ore that Ship can transport for this routes = 134, 374t ( B ) Round ocean trip Dampeir ( Australia ) — Isdemir ( Meleagris gallopavo ) — Dampier ( Australia ) Sea Time Sea Distance between Isdemir- Dampeir ( Australia ) = 6479nm ( via Suez ) ( Please refer to http: //e-ships.net/dist.htm viewed on 24th Sep. 2010 ) Round the ocean trip distance = 12,958 nanometer Ship speed = 14.2 — — — — ( Given ) Entire Sea clip required cover above distance = 3 8.0 yearss Sing 10 % possible hold ‘s = 41.8 yearss — — — — — ( 5 ) Port Time Harmonizing to the Appendices 1 A ; 2 of the contract loading/Discharging rate shall be 40,000 W.M.T ( Wet Metric Tonnes ) per conditions working twenty-four hours. If we consider ladings that ship can transport with changeless and fresh Water = 136, 200t Loading rate at Dampier = 40,000 w.m.t. Approximate laytime in port Dampier = 3.05 twenty-four hours Dispatching rate at Isdemir = 40,000 w.m.t Approximate Laytime in Isdemir = 3.05 yearss Entire clip in ports = 6.1 yearss Sing 10 % possible hold ‘s = 6.7 yearss — — — — — — – ( 6 ) From ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) Entire no of yearss for one ocean trip = 48.5 yearss Entire Requirement of Fuel for One Round Ocean trip: At Sea: As chief engine fuel ingestion is 42.4t of IFO per twenty-four hours at MCR and 10t of MDO per twenty-four hours at sea and in port. IFO required for 41.8 yearss = 1424 T — — — — — — — — — — — — ( 7a ) MDO required for 41.8 yearss = 336 T — — — — — — — — — — — — — ( 7b ) MDO required in port for 6.7 yearss = 67 T — — — — — — — — — — — — — — ( 7c ) Entire Tonnes of fuel Required =2,258 T — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — ( 7 ) From ( 3 ) A ; ( 7 ) Now, Maximum Fe ore that Ship can transport for this routes = 133, 942t Undertaking 2: Calculate the cost per metric ton of lading from each lading port to Isdemir. The circular ocean trip costs per metric tons are required for and ‘up and running ‘ service, get downing at the burden ports. For the computation of Cost per tones in each ocean trip we have to happen out cost incurred by port operation, fuel use, canal theodolite, running the vas. On the footing of Voyage cost, running cost and lading carried by ship we can happen the Cost per metric ton. Now we will happen Voyage cost and running cost based on given informations and consequences of inquiry 1. You read "Analysing A Contract Of Affreightment Engineering Essay" in category "Essay examples" ( a ) Ponda district attorney Madeira -Isdemir-Ponda district attorney Madeira: We will happen the Fuel cost foremost. We know Entire tones of IFO and MDO required for one unit of ammunition ocean trip From ( 1a ) , ( 2b ) A ; ( 2c ) Entire tones of IFO required = 1424 T Entire tones of MDO required =403 T IFO= $ 435 /tones MDO= $ 640 /tones ( Please refer hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bunkerworld.com viewed on 24th Sep.2010 ) Cost for 1424 T of IFO = $ 619, 440 Cost for 403 T of MDO = $ 257, 920 Entire fuel cost = $ 877, 360 — — — — — — — — — — ( 8 ) Port Cost: Port cost given for these two ports are as follows: Ponda district attorney Madeira ( Brazil ) = $ 45,000 Isdemir ( Turkey ) = $ 35,000 Entire port cost = $ 80,000 — — — — — — — — — — – ( 9 ) On this path at that place will non be any canal dues as vas will sail via GIBRALTAR, so there is no canal cost on this path. There is no CANAL DUES So, from ( 8 ) A ; ( 9 ) Ocean trip Cost = $ 957, 360 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — – ( 10 ) Runing Cost: AS Ship running cost given as $ 6000 per twenty-four hours which include rewards of crew, care of ship, shop, insurance, disposal etc. From ( 1 ) A ; ( 2 ) entire no of yearss for one unit of ammunition ocean trip = 40.3 yearss Runing cost for 40.3 yearss = $ 241,553 — — — — — — – ( 11 ) From ( 10 ) A ; ( 11 ) Run COST + VOYAGE COST = $ 1, 19 8,193 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — – ( 12 ) Now from ( 3 ) A ; ( 4 ) Maximum lading that ship can transport = 134, 374t — — — — — — — — — — — — — ( 13 ) So, from ( 12 ) A ; ( 13 ) We have entire ocean trip cost, running cost and lading that ship can transport for unit of ammunition the ocean trip. Cost per metric ton = $ 8.91 ( B ) Ocean trip Dampier ( Australia ) -Isdemir ( Turkey ) – Dampier ( Australia ) : Fuel Cost: From the ( 7a ) , ( 7b ) , ( 7c ) we can easy happen the entire measure of IFO and MDO required for one unit of ammunition Ocean trip Entire tones of IFO needed =1773 T Entire tones of MDO needed=485t Taking market mean sand trap monetary value as follows ; IFO= $ 435 /tones MDO= $ 640 /tones ( Please refer hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bunkerworld.com viewed on 24th Sep.2010 ) Entire cost for 1773t of IFO = $ 771, 255 Entire cost for 485 T of MDO= $ 310, 400 Entire fuel cost = $ 1081655 — — — — — — — — — — — ( 14 ) PORT Cost: Port cost for Isdemir ( Turkey ) = $ 35,000 — — — — — — — — — — — — ( given ) Port cost Dampier is to be calculated on the sing port dues and navigation charges merely. We can entree agenda charges by Dampier port authorization by sing following site which is besides attached in appendix and mentioned in mentions. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dpa.wa.gov.au/Port-Facilities/Schedule-of-DPA-Charges.aspx/ HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dpa.wa.gov.au/Port-Facilities/Schedule-of-DPA-Charges.aspx/ Access on Sep. 24 † Entree on Sep. 24, 2010 ) As GT of ship is given 73,999t Port due charges are to be calculated=0.1916/tonnes Port dues will be= $ 14178.20 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — ( 15 ) We will non see Lay-up fee as vas has order does n’t necessitate to be at ground tackle Navigation CAHRGES ; For the vas entrance and going from the port greater than 10,000 GRT the navigation charges are $ 8,846.64 for both ways. We will besides see the navigation Exemption fee $ 810. So, Entire navigation charges would be = $ 9656.64 — — — — — — — — — — — ( 16 ) From ( 15 ) A ; ( 16 ) Port cost at Dampier = $ 23, 834 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — ( 17 ) So when calculate the Port cost for Isdemir ( Turkey ) with Port cost at Dampier Entire port cost round the ocean trip = $ 58834 — — — — — — — — — — — — – ( 18 ) Canal Cost: On this routes vas would be go throughing through Suez Canal, so we have to happen the Toll charges by canal authorization on both manner that is with loaded ship and ballast ship. Suez Canal net tunnage ( SCNT ) =67,109t ( Mentioning hypertext transfer protocol: //www.suezcanal.gov.eg/calc.aspx Access on Sep. 24th 2010 ) On this official site of Suez Canal 1 can happen approximative toll charges per theodolite based on SCNT. These are as follows: Dampier – Isdemier ( loaded ship ) = $ 151, 995, Isdemier – Dampier ( ballast ship ) = $ 129, 288 These values are calculated with the aid of official Suez Canal site which attach in appendix of this study. Entire cost Canal dues round the voyages= $ 281283 — — — — — — — — — – ( 19 ) From ( 14 ) , ( 18 ) , ( 19 ) . Voyage cost= $ 1, 421, 772 — — — — — — — — — — — — — ( 20 ) Run Cost: Entire no of yearss for one unit of ammunition ocean trip =48.5 yearss As running cost per twenty-four hours for ship= $ 6000 — — — — – ( given ) Runing cost for ocean trip for 48.5 days= $ 291, 000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — – ( 21 ) Ocean trip cost + Running cost together will give entire disbursals for coveted figure of lading. From ( 20 ) A ; ( 21 ) Ocean trip cost + Running cost= $ 1, 712, 722 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — – ( 22 ) Now, we have Voyage cost, running cost, Fe ore that ship can transport so we can happen out the Cost per unit. Maximum lading that ship can carry=134, 374t From ( 22 ) Cost per metric ton = $ 12.75 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — – ( 23 ) Undertaking 3 Calculate the clip charter equivalent ( TCE ) for each path, presuming a COA cargo rate of $ 15 per metric ton ( antique Ponta da Madeira ) and $ 20 per metric ton ( ex Dampier ) ( include 3 % agent ‘s committee on the clip charter ) . Ponda district attorney Madeira -Isdemir-Ponda district attorney Madeira: Freight rate given for this Voyage is $ 15 per metric ton. If we consider that ship carries Maximum lading in a ocean trip. From ( 13 ) Maximum lading that ship can carry= 134, 374t Rate = $ 15per metric ton So, Entire cargo for 134, 374t of Fe ore = $ 2, 015, 610 gross — — — — — — — — — — — — – ( 24 ) This Gross value includes the 3 % agent committee, therefore subtracting that from gross value. Net cargo value = $ 1, 955, 142 cyberspace — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — ( 25 ) Now, in order to happen out Time charter equivalent ( TCE ) that includes the ocean trip cost and does n’t include the running cost. TCE is a standard industry step of the mean day-to-day gross public presentation of a vas. The TCE rate achieved on a given ocean trip is expressed in US $ /day and is by and large calculated by deducting ocean trip disbursals, including sand traps and port charges, from ocean trip gross which will give Gross ocean trip excess. Then spliting by entire no of yearss in ocean trip will give Gross day-to-day excess. From ( 10 ) A ; ( 25 ) Gross Voyage surplus= $ 997, 782 Dividing this value by no of yearss in ocean trip will give us Gross day-to-day excess Entire no of yearss 40.3 yearss Gross day-to-day excess = $ 24, 758 Now, if we include 3 % agent committee so it will give us Time charter Equivalent = $ 742, 74 per twenty-four hours ( B ) Ocean trip Dampier ( Australia ) -Isdemir ( Turkey ) – Dampier ( Australia ) : Freight rate for this ocean trip given is $ 20 per metric ton ; in the same we can happen the Time charter value for this path Maximum lading that ship can carry=133, 942t Rate= $ 20 per metric ton Freight earned in one unit of ammunition voyage= $ 267, 8840 gross Subtracting 3 % agent committee from above gross value = 259, 847, 5 — — — — — — — — – ( 26 ) Subtracting ocean trip disbursals from above will give us gross ocean trip excess From ( 20 ) A ; ( 26 ) 1, 421, 772 Gross ocean trip excess value= $ 1, 176, 703 If we divide this by no of yearss in a ocean trip so it will give us Gross day-to-day excess = $ 24, 261 Adding 3 % agent committee to above will give us Time charter tantamount value Time charter value= $ 7, 278, 3 per twenty-four hours Undertaking 4 Calculate the figure of the cargos needed to finish the entire Fe ore tunnages from each lading port and the ship velocities required for every bit spaced seafarings throughout the twelvemonth. ( a ) Ponda district attorney Madeira -Isdemir-Ponda district attorney Madeira: Number of cargos needed on this path to finish the contract can establish on the footing of ship transporting capacity. On this path upper limit lading that ship can transport = 134, 374t Iron ore to transported through this path = 810,000t — — – ( Given ) If we divide Iron ore measure to the maximal lading that ship can transport, that will give us figure of cargos required to finish the contract. No of cargos = 7 Here, Ship requires seafaring of 7 times with laden lading and 6 times as ballast ship in order to finish the contract. Ship velocity on this path can be adjusted to 14.0 knots which will give 44 twenty-four hours ‘s unit of ammunition ocean trip seafaring. This manner, it can be 44 yearss of every bit spaced seafaring over about 295 yearss. ( B ) Ocean trip Dampier ( Australia ) -Isdemir ( Turkey ) – Dampier ( Australia ) : Same manner, we can happen for this path excessively. Maximum lading that ship can carry=121102t Entire measure of Iron ore to be transported=940,000t Dividing measure of Fe ore by maximal lading that ship can transport will give us: No of shipments=8 In this instance ship is required to pass through Suez Canal 8 times with laden lading and 7 times as ballast ship for the completion of contract. So, canal dues are different for laden ship and ballast ship, hence to be considered carefully. Ship velocity on this path can be adjusted to 14.1 knots with laden lading and 14.2 knots with ballast ship which will give 52 yearss of circular ocean trip seafaring. So, each ocean trip could be of every bit separated 52 yearss. On this path, at least one cargo required to be completed by another ship which could be the ship on Ponda district attorney Madeira path. . If 52 yearss round ocean trip seafaring is to be considered with one ship, it will take about 395 yearss which is beyond the contracted period. Initially, one ship can get down the lading work on this path and subsequently, can be joined by ship which will run on the Ponda district attorney Madeira path. Entire 2 ships will be required for completion of needed tunnage of Fe ore and contract. Undertaking 5 Sum up the bearer ‘s contractual duties in respects of: A A A A a ) Requirements for ships on the contract A A A A B ) Nominating ships for each cargo A A A A degree Celsius ) Keeping the loading ballad can schedule and effects for non A A A A vitamin D ) Delays and divergences en path A A A A vitamin E ) Presentment on reaching at burden and discharge ports. This is contract issued by General board of directors of ISDEMIR for pellets, ball and all right Fe ore. Duration of the contract is clearly mentioned in the contract. Quantity tunnage allowance is given as A ±10 % to be considered for reasoning the contract between ISDEMIR and Carrier. There are several issue which may impact the services over the period of clip. It may be type of vas, cargo, punishment, cargo rate, payment, and 3rd party engagement, cancellation of contract, force majeure, and public presentation bond. This issue can be discussed in summarized signifier as below: Requirement for ships on the contract: Carrier has to utilize the ship which he enlisted in his offer or any change should be done with permission of ISDEMIR and marketer. If ship is of foreign flag so it will requires blessing of Import section. Ship should non be of south Cyprus flag in any instance. Ship has to be with clean holds and ready for lading in all facets. Ship ‘s lading clasp hatches should be certified for H2O stringency by categorization of society. Vessel should hold P A ; I club insurance to cover the charter period. Concluding demand for ship is that it should hold category throughout the contractual period certified by categorization of society. Nominating ship for each cargo Nomination of vessel shall take topographic point 20 yearss prior to commencement day of the month of lading laycan. In failure to make so ISDEMIR has wholly right to impact the conveyance on the footing of name and history of bearer. All the right to sing cancellation of day of the month of ballad yearss is reserved by ISDEMIR, Carrier has agreed to revised ballad yearss. Loading laycan agenda has to be agreed by three party ISDEMIR, marketer and bearer. Loading laycan agreed upon by ISDEMIR and bearer before contract should non divert. However, if bearer request change of lading laycan so ISDEMIR will hold all right to accept or reject it. It will be treated as without lading laycan even if it is approved by ISDEMIR. The full demurrage claim by marketer which may originate due to change in lading laycan agenda shall be borne bearer. If ISDEMIR rejects the change so bearer has to follow original laycan otherwise it may take heavy punishment, cancellation of contract. It is discussed in following subdivision. Keeping the loading laycan agenda and effects for non Loading laycan factor is really of import in this contract as it is involved with keeping agenda, change of vas, or any hold which may impact agenda of peculiar vas. Any hold which is caused by vas without informing ISDEMIR may ensue in terrible punishment or expiration of contract. All the losingss, amendss or any claim by marketer should be borne by bearer under this status irrespective of original laycan. If the burden laycan is affected except the force majeure, bearer will be apt to pay USD $ 3,000 for each twenty-four hours up to 5 yearss, from 5th twenty-four hours onwards he will pay US $ 6,000 per twenty-four hours. If the hold period exceeds 15 yearss ISDEMIR has right to call off the contract. ISDEMIR has the right to acquire the same conveyance trade done by another ship-owner/charterer. If loading laycan agenda is effected by force majeure event so vas will non invalidate any liabilities due to this. Any hold should non transcend more than 15 yearss otherwise ISDEMIR wil l hold all right and same trade may be fulfilled by same bearer or another ship-owner/charterer. Any hold occurred should be approved by ISDEMIR and invariably reported to them otherwise once more bearer will be apt for all losingss, amendss and claims. Delaies and divergences en path Any hold which will happen during the contract period excepting force majeure event apt for punishment if it is non approved by ISDEMIR. Carrier should do certain that any alteration in lading laycan reported to ISDEMIR punctually approved. In any instance hold period should non transcend 15 yearss if this happens ISDEMIR will hold all right to take any action which they think appropriate. If the hold occurred at lading port bearer shall be apt to pay US $ 5,000 per twenty-four hours and US $ 10,000 per twenty-four hours after 10th twenty-four hours. In the contract under General term subdivision 12 it is clearly mentioned that divergence from direct path should non happen except for the fuel replenishment or force majeure without ISDEMIR blessing. Once vas is loaded it should direct canvas to droping port without naming any port. Presentment of reaching at burden and discharge ports Carrier or shipmaster has to give the definite ETA and tunnage to be loaded. Vessel geting at lading port should give the verification to ISDEMIR, marketer of 10 yearss, 7days, 48 hour, 24 hour prior reaching to lading port. In instance of dispatching port it has to follow same process that is inform marketer and ISDEMIR, sum loaded unequivocal ETA for ISDEMIR port prior 10 yearss, 7days,48 hour and 24 hour. All the presentment or preparedness at burden port should be received during weekdays Monday-Friday between 08:00 to 17:00 hour and on Saturday between 09:00 to 13:00 hours. Any notice after 13:00 hours on Saturday shall be count as 08:00 hours of following on the job twenty-four hours. Notice of preparedness can be tendered mundane between 08:00 to 17:00 hours and any notice after this clip will considered at 08:00 hours of following twenty-four hours. Laytime will be counted after 24 hours of tendering and credence of the notice of preparedness. Undertaking 6 Sum up your reserve sing costs and gross, finishing the cargos to agenda and the suitableness of the ships for the COA. Recommend, with ground, whether the company should or should non subject a command for this contract, based on current cargo market conditions and any other relevant considerations. The contract invites freight offers $ 15 per metric ton ( antique Ponda da Madeira ) and $ 20 per metric ton ( ex Dampier ) for the 810,000 and 940,000 tunnage of Fe ore severally. In the ocean trip appraisal cost per metric ton for antique pool district attorney Madeira and ex Dampier comes $ 10.57 and $ 16.65 severally ( delight see the excel sheet ) . Gross ocean trip excess for antique Ponda district attorney Madeira path is $ 748,623 and gross day-to-day excess is $ 16,983 per twenty-four hours whereas Gross ocean trip excess on ex Dampier path is $ 644,958 and gross day-to-day excess is $ 12,412 per twenty-four hours. Now, if Net ocean trip excess to be discussed on ex Ponda district attorney Madeira path once more it gives really sound figure with $ 484,138 while on ex Dampier path it is $ 333,175.The net day-to-day excess on antique Ponda district attorney Madeira path is $ 10,983 per twenty-four hours and on the ex Dampier path it is $ 6,412 per twenty-four hours ( delight s ee excel sheet ) Here, this is clear that antique Ponda district attorney Madeira path is more profitable asnet day-to-day excess on this path higher than ex Dampier path. Ex Ponda district attorney Madeira path more money generating and can be easy completed with every bit spaced seafaring over the contract period. Cargos required on the both the path ex Ponda district attorney Madeira and ex Dampier path are 7 and 8. On the ex Ponda district attorney Madeira path it will take 295 yearss with 44 yearss every bit spaced sailing which can be easy fulfilled. On the other manus, on the ex Dampier path it will take 395 yearss complete the contract with one ship. So, it is required to hold one cargo acquire done with another ship. This could be the ship which runs on ex Ponda da path. The ship which will run on the ex Ponda district attorney Madeira path will hold adequate clip to finish the needed tunnage of Fe ore hence can be easy do one cargo on the ex Dampier path. Capsize ship will be most suited for this contract as they can easy raise the over 100,000 metric tons of lading. Capsize ship How to cite Analysing A Contract Of Affreightment Engineering Essay, Essay examples

A Review of the Communication and Leadership in Jusco free essay sample

The relationship is set up when the company regular operation. With the company growing, it will have more and more employees. So communication and leadership is really important. The relationship is harmony so that the employees will more effective, communication is fully reflected whether good or bad of the relationship between employees and employers. Leadership has a big role in here. We define leadership as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals. Organizations need strong leadership and strong management for optimal effectiveness. We need leaders today to challenge the status quo, create visions of the future, and inspire organizational members to want to achieve the visions. (Stephen P. Robbins, 1998). Leadership is a management which manage staff to do the business, and make it clearly and more effective. 2. 1 Background of Jusco With Diaoyu Dao event came out, the relationship between Japan and China is become worse and worse. We will write a custom essay sample on A Review of the Communication and Leadership in Jusco or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page China even occur boycott Japanese goods last year. Many of Chinese people became mob to destroy Japanese enterprise. Most of patriotic personages were held the demonstration in different city in China. They boycotted Japanese goods so that all of Japanese companies were going down in China. Jusco is Japanese company; Jusco is short for Japan United Stores Company. The various of Jusco companies are subsidiaries of AEON CO. Ltd. There was a JUSCO in Shanghai before, but it was dropped down finally because of poor management. In Guangdong, Guangdong JUSCO Co. , Ltd used the name JUSCO to operate the first JUSCO at 1996. Now, there are 13 shops in Guangdong. It took the lead in the introduction of foreign advanced GMS (department store the supermarket) format mode, and in 2010 launched the SM (Food supermarket) formats. Guangdong JUSCO has a sound management system and in 2005 obtained the ISO9001: 2000 quality management system certification; national green market certification in 2007, was one of the first to obtain the certification of retail enterprises; 2010, ISO14001: 2004 environmental management system certification, the retail business is the first to pass the certification. Adhering to the everything for customers business philosophy, Guangdong JUSCO has been thought to provide customers with security, peace of mind and trust of goods, services and a comfortable shopping environment for the mission, so that customers enjoy shopping. Guangdong JUSCO business goods include: fashion clothing, household goods, sporting goods, home decorations, food, Japanese cuisine, fast food and other necessities. 2. 2 Research objectives 1. 2. 1 Definition of communication and leadership Communication is a slippery concept, and while we may casually use the word with some frequency, it is difficult to arrive at a precise definition that is agreeable to most of those who consider themselves communication scholars. Communication is so deeply rooted in human behaviors and the structures of society that it is difficult to think of social or behavioral events that are absent communication. Halavais, 2006). More and more countries open up their market in this modern world. Communication become very important to Jusco, due to relationship between Japan and China is getting worse. Leadership has been described as â€Å"a process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a c ommon task. † (Chemers M. 1997). Leadership is easy to understand that organize a group of people to achieve a common goal. Under this global world, every organization is need cross-culture leadership. Cross-cultural psychology attempts to understand how individuals of different cultures interact with each other (Abbe, Gulick, amp; Herman, 2007). 1. 2. 2 To investigate the component for communications and leadership. Communications is a big problem in Jusco. This is common problem in China. AEON has been set up 18 Jusco in Guangdong, naturally, managers, leaders and employees all are Chinese. Otherwise, they must do the job under the working mode of AEON management. So communication sometimes is a big problem. Direction of communication is deciding how to communicate to each other. We further subdivide the vertical dimension into downward and upward directions. (R. L. Simpson, 1999) sometimes, most of sales do not will to talk to Jusco’s managers. And I know, Jusco managers also do not want to communicate to Japanese employers. It is even more badly when the DIAOYU DAO event happened. Japan and China are in stalemate. Leadership is mainly cross-culture leadership. 1. 2. 3 Further problem To find out further research opportunities for current problem. With the Japan and China become more and more hostility. We have to find out how does Japanese organization do in China. So we can research other Japanese company to have some more opportunities to compare Jusco. 1. 3 Research rationale I choose this topic because I was worked in Jusco as a red wine salesman last year, and I know this is Cross Culture Company, and its communication and leadership must be changed after the relation between China and Japan get worse. So I decide to use my MO knowledge to how it will be changed. Or keep the old style to manage. 2. Literature review 3. 3 Introduction Communication and leadership have a big role in management forever. Communication is decided whether make the company stay in the harmony situation. This makes the organization more effective and standard. Verbal communication is important to Jusco, but non-verbal communication is also important to it. Jusco is cross-culture organization; Chinese managers need to talk to Japanese senior management. After DIAOYU DAO event, the relation between Japan and China is getting worse, Japanese and Chinese cannot have a nice conversation. So I want to find out the difference of two stages. Leadership is an ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals. However, not all the leaders are managers. Organizations need strong leadership and strong management for optimal effectiveness. So Jusco is the same. Jusco is customer-focused service operation. They have a lot of leaders in Jusco. Different apartment has different leader. However, a good leader can make it more effective. It also make customer more comfortable when customers shopping in Jusco. 3. 4 Main issue—communications Communication represents one of the most important tools that the leaders have at their disposal to perform their influencing of tasks. Its significance is such that some authors consider it as the â€Å"blood† that brings life to the organization. Paulo Nunes, 2011) In Jusco, communication is important thing, no matter employers or employees, they need to communicate to each other. Due to power distance is stay in the high level. Power distance is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed un equally. (Gert Jan Hofstede, 1965) Japan is in the high level of Power distance index. So do Jusco, senior managers have some power to manage and ask employees to do the job. However, Jusco is customer-focused service operation. Sometimes, senior managers will ask others to serve customers not himself. They have their own duties. But they need to put customers at the first position. So this is the main problem in Jusco. And the communication is has the big usage for employers to avoid this situation happening. Communication has the general process. The key parts of this model are the sender, encoding, the message, the channel, decoding, the receiver, noise, and feedback. The sender starts a message by encoding a thought. The message is the real thing of the sender’s encoding. When we speak, the speech is message. Our writing is the message. The movements of our acting and the expressions on our face are the message when we gesture. One of the suitablekinds of communications is organizational communication. In organizational communication, there is one kind of mode for Jusco: Formal small-group networks. Formal organizational networks can be very complicated. There are three kinds in this mode, chain, wheel and all channel. The more effective criteria are the networks wheel and all channel. Jusco is wheel mode. For example, one manager is managing drink, wine and so on. 3. Main issue—Leadership Leadership has main two kinds of theories. One is trait theories of leadership, and it is focus on personal qualities and characteristics. By 1990s, after research, studies and analyses, the best leader is unlike the normal people. They are special. But the particular traits that characterized them varied a great deal from review to review. (S. A. Kirkpatrick, 1991) Significant relationships exis t between leadership and such individual traits as: intelligence, adjustment, extraversion, conscientiousness, openness to experience and general self-efficacy. While the trait theory of leadership has arisen again, its reemergence has not been accompanied by a corresponding increase in sophisticated conceptual frameworks. (Zaccaro, S. J. 2007). The other is behavioral theories. In response to the early criticisms of the trait approach, theorists began to research leadership as a set of behaviors, evaluating the behavior of successful leaders, determining behavior taxonomy, and identifying broad leadership styles. (Spillane, James P, 2004) The managerial grid model is also based on a behavioral theory. According to three styles: authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire. Lewin, Kurt, 1939). Normally, some leaders may compare traits and behaviors to manage; however, they are still failing to manage. As important as traits and behaviors are in identifying effective or ineffective leaders and they do not promises to success. 3. 6 Theories used in Jusco While the communication model used in Jusco, if managers can use this kind of skills, empl oyees can be pleased to accept the order and finish the job in a short time. Formal small-group networks is the normal communications mode exist in Jusco. I ever was a wine sales in Jusco, my group all are sales of wine. The wheel relies on a central figure out to act as the conduct for the entire group’s communication; it simulates the communication network you would find on a team with a strong leader. 2. 5 Conclusion Above the literature review, we can understand the theories of communication and leadership. And figure out which kind of model can be used in Jusco. However, something I can know more in the Jusco senior management. So Ican not ensure the how the solve the problem just by this simplified concepts. 3. Research methodology. 4. 7 overall research design Step 1 Select Jusco as the object of study. | Step 2 Use communication and leadership theories to clarify the usage of management system. | Step 3 Find materials about communication and leadership in Jusco. | Step 4 Organize the materials found before. | Step 5 Combine the viewpoints that have same directions. | Step 6 Add personal views in research paper. | Step 7 Come out the final research paper. | At first, you have to set up your research title. In this modern world, people pay attention to personal benefits from work, so how to make the communications effective and in a proper way can be a key element to achieve success for companies. And leadership is making the company keep the direction keep on the right way. And make the company get more effective and achieve the goals as fast as possible. This is why I choose communication and leadership in Jusco, especially in the specific stage, after the DIAOYU DAO event. After deciding what title is, I begin to search information about communication and leadership which can support my research, and then finding opinions about the communication and leadership system in Jusco. With collection of all the materials that I need in this paper, the step four is to organize them and find out what the authors’ opinions about communication and leadership in Jusco, even in Japanese organization. When clarifying the points from some experts. Communication has some usage for making the whole company staff harmony, and let the managersto know more about employees. Let the whole company become the one big thing, and stay in the high effective. At the end, you read all the references, and link the knowledge and make it to the net. Figuring out why the communication and leadership in Jusco is so important and which kinds of mode are fit for Jusco. 3. 2 Ways to conduct literature search Key words| Source| Finding | Cross-cultural competence in Army leaders| From library books| Abbe, A. , Gulick, L. M. V. , amp; Herman, J. L. | An integrative theory of leadership. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates| From library books| Chemers M. (1997)| The process of communication| From library books| D. K. Berlo,| Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. | From library books| Empirical foundation. (Study Report 2008-01). | WIKIBOOKS CONTRIBUTORS. | From library books| Halavais, Joe Petrick, Ashley Anker(2006)| Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind| From library books| Hofstede, Geert, Gert Jan Hofstede and Michael Minkov. | Great Motivation Secrets of Great Leaders. | UCD library| John Baldoni(2005)| Journal of Social Psychology| From library books| 8. Lewin, Kurt; Lippitt, Ronald; White, Ralph (1939). | Communications| Google research | Paulo Nunes, 2011| Vertical and Horizontal Communication in Formal Organizations| From library books| R. L. Simpson, 1986| Employment Relations| From library books| Rose, 2001. Acadermy of Management Executive| UCD library| S. A. Kirkpatrick and E. A. Locke,| Towards a theory of leadership practice| From library books| Spillane, James P. ; et al. , Richard; Diamond, John (2004)| Essentials of Organizational Behavior| Text book | Stephen P. Robbins and Timothy A. Judge(1998)| Trait-based perspectives of leadership| From library books| Zaccaro, S. J. (2007). | 3. 3 Rese arch Approach Q1: Is it communication is important in Jusco between all the staff? A: YES B: NO Q2: In communication, which thing do you think is important? A: trust B: honest C: honor Q3: Which thing will affecttheresult of the communication? A: skills of communication. B: parties of communications. C: place when having communication. Q4: Do Jusco do the research to know more about what the employees want? Write down your opinion. Q5: Do all the staff will have courage to communicate to the managers? Write down your opinion. Q6: If some problem happens between two apartments, how do you communicate under this question? Write down your opinion. Q7: How do you think the level of effective during working in the Jusco? A: high. B: normal. C: low. Q8: How do you identify superior/subordinate relationship? A: very clear, I will report to superior. B: Superior sometimes will interpose my work. C: Often several superiors give the order at the same time. D: When I facing the problem, I do not know who I can ask. Q9: How do your manager to order your work? A: manager will show me the detail. B: manager will discuss with me when I am in trouble. C: manager normally do not discuss with us. D: I often confused when I get the order from my manager. E: other:______________ Q10:Do you often find nobody will be responsible for the job, how do Jusco take charge? Write down your opinion. Question no. 1 to question no. 3 are identify is communication important to the employers or sales in Jusco. I want to know is it some problem in communication in Jusco staff. It helps to clear my thoughts that whether communication is barriers in Jusco between the employees. Due to superior/subordinate relationship is really complicated. At the same time, according to the communication process, I want to find out which process is something wrong. Like question no. 1, it will give all the staff a shake. They maybe will suddenly realize we are lack of communication during the work. Question no. 2 is the same to question 1, just want to notice staff to think about the communication. The usage of question 3 is wanted to ask them whether communication will affect their work. What is the problem will come out if communication in a low level. Give something to them to think. And this serious of problems are more valuable after the DIAOYU DAO event come out. Due to Jusco is in embarrassing situation in China. Question no. 3 and question no. 4 are the same direction. After give 3 questions to wake you up and think about the communication in Jusco. Comparing their real situation in Jusco, and research the information about the communication is it works out. And does it effective or not. These two questions both need to write down your own opinion, your own thoughts. These are staff real thoughts. According to it, maybe the management in human behavior of Jusco can change the structure to make the whole Jusco has more effective. Question no. 5 and question no. 6 are transition question; it is from communication questions to leadership questions. Questions no. 5 and question no. 6 are concern about communication and leadership. It is not only asking staff the situation of communication, but also checks the leadership in Jusco. We can see the superficial current situation of leadership in Jusco. After I get the superficial information about the leadership, we will collect the information about evaluation of the effective. With the question no. 7, we check the standard of their effective. By this collection, we get this information and find out whether leadership in Jusco is good to use. Question no. 8 is mainly to check the sales and employees how to treat with their superior. Hence, it also evaluates harmony of communication between superior and subordinate. If the relation is harmony, it has a lot of effect to affect the leadership exercise power. Question no. 9 has connection with question no. 9; question no. 8 is mainly collecting the information from employers and sales in Jusco. We can see the truth about the real working situation by opinions of employees and sales. According to their view, we have to do some evaluations to check the leadershipeffective or not. Question no. 10 is helps Jusco to improve their situation. Jusco is customers first company, if this situation coming up, all of employers and managers have to serve customers first. This is vision of Jusco. If they all pass the job to others, no one serve customers. Customer will go away with his dissatisfaction and blame Jusco has the bad service. What the worse, he will complain or tell every friend he knows so that the bad image of Jusco has been set up. 3. 4 Sampling For sampling, I need to contact with Jusco. Each observation measures one or more targets, sampling have too methods and everyone should to be used in the proper way. They all are unique. They are demanded to suitable different situation become the characteristics difference. Jusco as the biggest retail corporation in Asia, in Guangdong, it also the Top 3 of retail corporation. So Jusco is a big corporation, I think Simple random sampling is fit for Jusco. In general, I put one Jusco as the whole, Equal to the probability of each individual to be able to get through one by one extraction method to extract a sample of each extract this sampling method is simple random sampling. Why I choose simple random sampling? Due to Jusco have 26 stores in Guangdong province. Their cope is too big, so I have pretended their probability is equal. Hence, I choose the random one store has regular scale to do this research. Even though, each Jusco has different sales, employees and managers. The mode of management in Jusco do not change, each Jusco is the same administrative mode, Advanced GMS comprehensive department store supermarket retail business model. Normally, one GMS mode of Jusco has five hundred to one thousand staff. They divided into different departments. Each department I will find the 20 people to do this research. When they done their research, I gathering all the information, and continue to analysis. When I finished that, I will finish my goals and finish my all objective. 3. Data access and collection To do this research and make the sampling, I have to go to Jusco investigation in Guangdong province. However, you cannot go in the Jusco working area easily. It is lucky I was worked there before, I know the managers. With the top managers in supermarket agreement, I finally go into and do some survey. My main contact person is my friend who sells the red wine inside it. Contact peopl e: Wang Hong 3. 6 Methods of data analysis After I finish my survey, I will use my organization behavior management and cross culture management to analysis Jusco. How to communication and leadership will happen in it. The further I will analysis is what will affect them after the DIAOYU DAO events. 3. 7 Research limitation As a full time student in Singapore, we have little time to do the research. Due to the time is too short, I do not have enough time to make the scope large, and make is simplified. At the same time, I still have another course; my time will become shorter and shorter. Under this reason, maybe my point of view will short for one side. Maybe leadership will gather more information than communications. In China many things are cannot show in the newspaper so the information collection is a big problem, and Chinese people do not say anything so clearly, especially in the relationship, during the research. The superior/subordinate relationship cannot record faithfully. Maybe subordinates are too afraid to answer the truth. And even more, English is not my first English, many words we need to figure out how to express my view of points. 4. Conclusion 5. 8 summary This essay is mainly to show that how communication and leadershipwill affect the work in the organization. Different organization has their ownmanagement mode and their own culture. These are affecting the staff how to act in the company. According to the first part of communication, communication is basis skills in the human behavior. Communication process will show us the flow during two people communicates. Make the communication more effective is lead to the whole working flow more effective. However, there are some barriers to effective communication. Like filtering, selective perception. Emotions, information overload and so on. The next objective is leadership. Due to there is a big problem, about the relations. Due to in China, the employee will very afraid of the boss, so if the employers want to get the feedback is a very difficult thing. So the communication skill is necessary, but without the communication skill, what can the employer get the information from is also consider in this part. And what’s effect will the relationship come up with. Managers must not be a leadership, everyone can do. However, Jusco in China, most of people are Chinese. Leadership means that you are my boss, you are my superior, I need to receive you order to do the job. So leadership in this, there is a lot of value to have this research. The last part is how communication and leadership actually do in Jusco. How managers are good usage of these theories to manage Jusco working. 4. 2 Implications With the company growth up, and more and more employee will join with the company to help a company to give produce, and there will be one day the company become a global company then it will face the east and west different culture, and the relationship is not as simple as before, how can the employer deal with it. They need to use the tool of communication, and even developing their leadership to make he reach their personal goal. China is depending on relations, this is a marvel country. Communication is a good weapon to flight during in this society. Leadership is one person who cans good use at communications and he has the ability to gather some people to achieve the goals. This is difference to order people to do the job. 4. 3 Further research opportunities Actually in China, relation is important thing. This is not only communication nor does leadership make it success. Every foreign company, need to do some research about relations. If you control this, you can live really well in China. Reference 1. Abbe, A. , Gulick, L. M. V. amp; Herman, J. L. (2007). Cross-cultural competence in Army leaders. 2. Chemers M. (1997) An integrative theory of leadership. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers 3. D. K. Berlo, The process of communication (NEW YORK: Holt, Rinehart amp; Winston, 1960), pp. 30-32. 4. Empirical foundation. (Study Report 2008-01). Arlington, VA: U. S. Army Research Institute for the Behaviora l and Social Sciences. 5. Halavais, Joe Petrick, Ashley Anker(2006): WIKIBOOKS CONTRIBUTORS. Free software Foundation, Inc. 6. Hofstede, Geert, Gert Jan Hofstede and Michael Minkov. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2010. 7. John Baldoni(2005): Great Motivation Secrets of Great Leaders. McGraw- Hill. P1-24 8. Lewin, Kurt; Lippitt, Ronald; White, Ralph (1939). Patterns of aggressive behavior in experimentally created social climates. Journal of Social Psychology: 271–301. 9. Paulo Nunes, Communications, 2011,rehttp://www. knoow. net/en/sceconent/management/communication. htmretrieved 2013-1-20. 10. R. L. Simpson, â€Å"Vertical and Horizontal Communication in Formal Organizations,† Administrative Science Quarterly, September 1989, pp. 188-196. 11. Rose,2001. Employment Relations. UK: Pearcon Edmcati Ltd. 2. S. A. Kirkpatrick and E. A. Locke, â€Å"leadership:Do traits matter? † Acadermy of Management Executive, May 1991, pp. 48-60 13. Spillane, James P. ; et al. , Richard; Diamond, John (2004). Towards a theory of leadership practice. Journal of Curriculum Studies 36 (1): 3–34. 14. Stephen P. Robbins and Timothy A. Judge(1998): Essentials of Orga nizational Behavior. Eleventh edition. Pearson Educated Ltd. 15. Zaccaro, S. J. (2007). Trait-based perspectives of leadership. American Psychologist, 62, 6-16. Confirmation Certificate Congratulations! You have successfully completed the Library Plagiarism Quiz. Student Name: Chen Zhiying Student Number: .. 11211905. Date: . 2012-10-18.. THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT (signature)†¦chen zhiying†¦.. HAS COMPLETED THE PLAGIARISM QUIZ Remember that the confirmation certificate is a statement by you that you understand plagiarism and know how to avoid it. If you think that you do not understand plagiarism and how to avoid it after working through this tutorial, you should confer with your module coordinator, no matter what score you have obtained on the test.

Literary Theory Essay 2 Feminism Essay Example

Literary Theory Essay 2: Feminism Essay Few myths have been more advantageous to the ruling caste than the myth of woman. (Simone de Beauvoir). Explore some of the ways in which Simone de Beauvoirs notion of the myth of woman has been taken up by feminist literary critics and offer a feminist deconstruction of that myth as it operates in one or more literary texts of your choice. In De Beauvoirs book The Second Sex, the author refers to the notion of the myth of woman; a myth, or number of myths, created by man based on fundamental biological and mental differences which lead to the repression of the female sex. She develops this to talk about concepts of woman as the Other, and the creation of a feminine mystery; that is, a subjective ignorance about the nature of femininity on the part of Man, which He interprets as an objective truth, asserting the existence of a universal female mystery. This illusion De Beauvoir refers to as the eternal feminine. She goes on to illustrate how, historically, myths such as this have been used by men to their advantage in the repression of women: Men need not bother themselves with alleviating the pains and the burdens that physiologically are womens lot, since these are intended by Nature; men use them as a pretext for increasing the misery of the feminine lot still further, for instance by refusing to grant to woman any right to sexual pleasure, by making her work like a beast of burden. (The Second Sex, p285) It can be seen that such mythical notions of feminine sexuality operate within a number of literary texts; in particular the concept of female sexuality which De Beauvoir raises in this quote. We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Theory Essay 2: Feminism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Theory Essay 2: Feminism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Theory Essay 2: Feminism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One might consider the trite, insipid and primarily asexual heroines of Victorian fiction: Esther Summerson in Dickens Bleak House, for example. Such portrayals of women as without desire or passion, lacking any kind of sexuality, can be seen as reflecting universal expectations held by the society of the time concerning women in relation to such issues as love, marriage, sexuality, domesticity, and motherhood. Feminists like De Beauvoir would claim that such universal expectations about the nature and the role of women were used as a means of repression by the male members of the society in which they lived; or rather protection, the term which was often used to justify such repression. Women were seen as innocent, morally superior to men, yet both biologically and mentally inferior: it was felt in nineteenth century England that women must be sheltered from moral corruption, a view which can be seen reflected in a number of works of literature. In the novels of Jane Austen, for example, women are often confined, kept from the outside world, and men are careful to avoid discussing shocking or morally corrupt information such as Harriet Smiths illegitimacy in Emma in their presence. However, the women in such works rarely express dissatisfaction at their purely domestic lot, seeking amusement in feminine pastimes such as music and drawing. In opposition to this, one might consider Ibsens heroine in Hedda Gabler, a play in which Hedda begs Ejlert Lovborg to tell her stories of his nights of dissipation, longing to be a part of this solely masculine world, and dreads the confinement of pregnancy and motherhood, the biological and domestic fetters common to her sex, ultimately choosing death over domesticity. The confinement of women in Victorian society and literature is expressive of the belief that men only were an autonomic, unified, rational self. It was this belief which was used to justify the deprivation of employment and thus economic independence for women, forcing them into domesticity, servitude and isolation. Women were denied entirely the right to any kind of independence, prevented from owning property, voting or divorcing an abusive husband, a problem which is represented and challenged in Anne Brontes The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, in which Helen Graham deserts her alcoholic and philandering husband in order to morally safeguard her son Arthur. Unhappy marriages such as Helens, though they may be uncommon in the majority of Victorian literature, were nevertheless present in the reality of Victorian society. It can be seen that such problems could have arisen from the so-called marriage market, the virtual sale of a woman by her family in an arranged marriage. Elaine Showalter writes on the sale of women through marriage in her feminist deconstruction of Thomas Hardys The Mayor of Casterbridge, which begins with the literal sale by Michael Henchard of his wife and infant daughter at a fayre. Showalter remarks wryly that Patriarchal societies do not readily sell their sons, but their daughters are all for sale sooner or later (in Modern Literary Theory: A Reader, by Philip Rice and Patricia Waugh). It can even be observed that this marriage market was central to a womans life and upbringing in the nineteenth century; in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice, for example, Mrs Bennett talks solely of marrying off her five daughters, encouraging them to flirt and make themselves attractive to men, and is incensed when her daughter Elizabeth turns down a lucrative proposal of marriage. It can be perceived that both Mrs Bennett and her daughters, and Victorian heroines in general, are products of an upbringing looking forward to and entirely based on their marriage prospects. Hence in literature, whether or not the heroine supports or challenges this convention of the marriage market (for example, by marrying outside her social class, as Shirley Keeldar does in Charlotte Brontes Shirley), it can be observed that within nineteenth century literature, women were portrayed as being solely defined by their relationships and the concept of being in love; while men may define themselves through political, economic or intellectual means, the only option for a woman was to find meaning in life via her personal relationships, in particular her relationship with a man, which would eventually lead to a new, all-absorbing purpose in life: that of domesticity and motherhood. Even apparent feminist writers such as the Brontes, whose novels were considered shocking when first published (as much for the gender of the writers as that of their heroines), submit to this convention. Jane Eyre eventually relinquishes her independence, returning to Thornfield to marry Rochester, just as Cathy in Wuthering Heights is defined through her love for Heathcliff, although their love is adulterous. Patricia Stubbs refers to this convention of the definition of women through feeling in her book, Women and Fiction, saying the need to love and be loved finally submerges all other essentially feminist issues. While men within literature are defined through their rationality, women find meaning in life solely through emotion. Another important issue in discussing the role of women in literature is that of The Body, and its portrayal in literary texts. The portrayal of the female body in literature can be seen as emphasising De Beauvoirs notion of the myth of woman. In nineteenth century literature, for example, in the majority of cases the body is described only as far as it expresses the character of the woman the author is describing, through her facial features and dress, as in this description of Harriet Smith in Jane Austens Emma, for example: She was short, plump and fair, with a fine bloom, blue eyes, light hair, regular features and a look of great sweetness (Emma, p 23) No reference is made to any parts of the body which might indicate sexuality in a woman; generally, this issue is avoided altogether, its existence denied as women are desexualised, as in Dickens, in which the women are always affectionate but never shown to be sexually attracted to their lovers, or sexuality is referred to only through suggestion and euphemism, as in Jane Eyre, in which hands and eyes are often substituted for penises, and the word vitals used for female genitalia: He had a rounded, muscular, and vigorous hand, as well as a long, strong arm. (Jane Eyre, quoted in The Marxist-Feminist Collective, in Rice and Waughs Modern Literary Theory, p109) However, although it does make reference in this veiled way to the existence of a feminine sexual desire rather than denying its existence, even Jane Eyre can be seen as representing a double standard of sexuality: Jane is expected to repress her passionate nature and sexual desire, remaining the chaste Victorian heroine, while it is considered acceptable that the married Rochester has had a string of mistresses. Later works of fiction are less wary about descriptions of the female form; in Lawrence, for example, one finds this description, in which the writer refers openly to the girls bosom without evasion or euphemism: She was a handsome girl with a bosom, and dark hair and blue eyes, a girl full of easy laughter, flushed from the sun, inclined to wipe her laughing face in a very natural and taking manner. (The Rainbow, p16) However, even in these cases it can be observed that descriptions of the female form are always aesthetic, always idealised; physical realities of the female body such as menstruation and puberty are overlooked or ignored, while later, post-feminist writers such as Margaret Atwood are not afraid to mention these issues, referring unashamedly to the female bodys biological functions. In her novel The Handmaids Tale, for example, the heroine Offred, in a futuristic distopia, finds comfort in the existence a hotel lavatory, recalling her friend Moiras observation that everybody shits. Conversely, the body, in literature as in reality, can also be used to emphasise rather than detract from a womans biological differences. This, too, can be seen as a means of repression: the body is used to place emphasis on the womans function as a child bearer, thus often implicitly suggesting this as her sole purpose. In her book The Second Sex, De Beauvoir quotes from Balzac: Pay no attention to her murmurs, her cries her pains; nature has made her for our use and for bearing everything: children, sorrows, blows and pains inflicted by man. (Balzac, Physiology of Marriage; quoted in The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir) Such conceptions concerning a womans biological purpose can lead to another myth regarding the nature of women: that of a woman as being a creature of nature, more animalistic and primitive than man. In literature, this myth can be seen to operate in two ways: either it is presented in the extreme, woman as the monster, a purely animal creature controlled by passion and instinct; or alternatively, the opposite may be presented: woman as a spiritual being, an angel. One might consider the opposition of the mad Bertha Rochester with the saintly Helen Burns in Jane Eyre. However, both of these figures, the angel and the monster, can be seen as outside humanity and into the mythical realm of De Beauvoirs eternal feminine. Jane herself could be viewed as a more realistic representation of a woman, a mix of the Christian faith and charity of Helen Burns and the animalistic passion and desire of Bertha Rochester, which she must learn to control. Thus it can be seen that the myth of woman is not one myth but a variety of myths concerning stereotypical ideas of the nature of women, all of which have been incorporated in and influenced various works of literature by both male and female writers, whether their purpose was to construct or challenge the myth. In order to illustrate the points I have raised in this essay, I will attempt a feminist deconstruction of Charlotte Brontes novel Shirley in relation to the myth of woman. It can be perceived that this novel attempts to challenge traditional constructs within Victorian literature concerning the myth of woman in its portrayal of Shirley Keeldar, a character who not only has a traditionally male name, but who runs her own estate and by her own admission sees a newspaper every day (Shirley, chapter 18, paragraph 59). Shirley refuses to allow herself to become a victim of the marriage market by letting her uncle force her into marriage with her titled suitor Sir Philip Nunnely, nor does she accept an advantageous proposal of marriage from Robert Moore, a local mill owner. It could be argued that Shirley is in every way a feminist. However, it can also be suggested that, as much as Shirley can be viewed as a feminist, at the end of the novel she too, like other Victorian heroines, allows the need to love to submerge all other essentially feminist issues when she marries Louis Moore, thus relinquishing control of her estate to him, a representative of the patriarchy. Thus even Shirley is ultimately defined through her emotions and love relationships. In spite of this, the reader finds it hard to appreciate Shirleys submission to marriage as an injustice. The narrator encourages her readers to feel that Shirley submitted to Louis not only because she loved him but because he was the right man for her, one who would not abuse her submission and the power she relinquishes to him. It is seen as a natural progression, from the master and pupil relationship they had previously to the relationship of husband and wife. It is suggested that the narrator approves of this arrangement: his rationality is seen as a check for her flaws, and in particular her passionate nature. The narrators implied approval of Louis Moore as Shirleys husband can be seen in relation to the portrayal of the other male characters and potential suitors for the two heroines, Shirley Keeldar and Caroline Helstone, within the novel: in particular, the representation of masculinity which is demonstrated through them. The curate Malone, while courageous, hearty and quintessentially masculine, is ridiculed by the narrator for his harsh, coarse and stupid nature. In direct contrast, the characters of the other curate, Sweeting, and Sir Philip Nunnely are portrayed as weak, over-sensitive and effeminate, although they are treated with more respect and approval by the narrator than is the character of Malone. It is regarded as obvious, however, that neither Caroline nor Shirley could love such effeminate men. By comparison, their future husbands, Robert and Louis Moore, present a happy medium, combining masculine courage with sensitivity and intelligence. Robert, however, is not presented in the same way as his brother Louis. He is portrayed as essentially flawed, a selfish materialist who encourages then ignores his cousin Caroline, who he knows is in love with him, until she becomes dangerously ill. However, the narrator implicitly suggests that his love for Caroline helps him to develop into a better man; thus the redemptive power of love allows the narrators approval concerning his eventual marriage to Caroline. Indeed, this can be seen as the only ending for the relationship of Robert and Caroline. While she is intelligent and sensitive, Caroline is not depicted as having the physical and mental energy of Shirley; she is more the passive heroine we find in other works of Victorian literature. Her love-sickness over Robert Moore which causes her to become seriously ill, her immediate acceptance, without resentment, of the mother who abandoned her, and her acceptance of life as an old maid if she cannot marry Robert, all seem to be standard to this kind of heroine; thus Carolines marriage to Robert at the end of the novel, in spite of his ill-treatment and manipulation of her throughout, can be seen as the only possible destiny for her, since her life revolves solely around one man in a way Shirleys does not. De Beauvoirs notion of the myth of woman can also be observed in the portrayal of the two old maids in the novel, Miss Mann and Miss Ainley, who Caroline goes to visit when contemplating her future as a spinster. Like Miss Bates in Emma, they are subjected to the mockery and ridicule of those around them, ostracised from a society in which marriage is considered the norm, defining themselves through good works, poor with no husband to support them and no possibility, because of their gender, of economic independence. While both are examples of the myth of woman in that both represent traditional ideas of the old maid in Victorian England, they are seen also as opposites; Miss Ainley is depicted as the saintly, maternal figure who accepts current hardships by thinking of a heavenly reward, whereas in contrast is the character of Miss Mann, the sad, embittered old maid who cant help but be resentful of the society which created her.

Essays and Essay Planning Guidance Essay Example

Essays and Essay Planning Guidance Essay Example Essays and Essay Planning Guidance Essay Essays and Essay Planning Guidance Essay political ideas. 7. Impractical: Who decides? How is it to be done? Is it not impossible to be correct? Any decision has to be arbitrary Case for censorship 10 1. Sex is private and precious: it should not be demeaned by representations of it in public. 2. Sex can be offensive: some people may find it so and should not have to risk being exposed to what they would find pornographic. . Corruption can be progressive: can begin with sex and continue until all decent values are eventually destroyed. 4. Participants might be corrupted: especially true of young children. 5. Violence can encourage imitation: by displaying violence even while condemning it -it can be legitimised and can also encourage imitation amongst a dangerous minority. 6. Violence is often glorified: encourages callous attitudes. Conclusion Case against censorship much stronger. No necessary connection between the two topics. From: mantex. co. uk/samples/plan. htm : 11 Planning Guide to Essay Planning 3 Strategy Many students, after having analysed an essay topic, may go straight to the library and read extensively on the subject. It is only after doing this research that they feel confident enough to start thinking and planning out their answer. Such an approach can be a mistake, however. They may find themselves producing a myriad of notes and then being at a loss to figure how these notes can be transformed into a coherent piece of writing. Before you read too much (or if possible, before you read anything at all), it is a good idea to do as much thinking and planning around the topic as you can. The benefit of this approach is that right from the start you can begin to get a sense of the shape your essay will take. It also means you can be more strategic in your reading, allowing you to search for specific reading materials rather than collecting a mass of material that may ultimately have limited relevance to your work. The task of writing is usually much easier if you create a set of notes which outline the points you are going to make. Using this approach, you will create a basic structure on which your ideas can be built. Plan This is a part of the essay-writing process that is best carried out using plenty of scrap paper. Get used to the idea of shaping and re-shaping your ideas before you start writing, editing and rearranging your arguments as you give them more thought. Planning onscreen using a word-processor is possible, but its a fairly advanced technique, and it doesn’t allow as much freedom to move ideas around and see them in relation to each other. Analyse the question Make sure you understand what the question is asking for. What is it giving you the chance to write about? What is its central issue? Analyse any of its key terms and any instructions. If you are in any doubt, ask your tutor to explain what is required. Generate ideas You need to assemble ideas for the essay. One way is to take a sheet of paper and make a note of anything which might be relevant to your answer. These might be topics, ideas, observations, or instances from your study materials. Put down anything you think of at this stage. Decide on topics On another sheet of paper, extract from your brainstorm listings those topics and points of argument which are of greatest relevance to the question and its central issue. Throw out anything which cannot be directly related to the essay question. Put topics in order On a third sheet of paper, put these chosen topics in some logical sequence. At this stage you should be formulating a basic response to the question, even if it is provisional and 12 may later be changed. Try to arrange the points so that they form a persuasive and coherent argument. Arrange your evidence All the major points in your argument need to be supported by some sort of evidence. On any further sheets of paper, compile a list of brief quotations from other sources (together with page references) which will be offered as your evidence. Compile a reference list as you collect sources. Use a recognised referencing style such as the Harvard â€Å"author/date† method. Make necessary changes While you have been engaged in the first stages of planning, new ideas may have come to mind. Alternate evidence may have occurred to you, or the line of your argument may have shifted somewhat. Be prepared at this stage to rearrange your plan so that it incorporates any of these new materials or ideas. Try out different arrangements of your essay topics until you are sure they form the most convincing and logical sequence. Finalise essay plan The structure of most essay plans can be summarised as Introduction Arguments Conclusion. State your case as briefly and rapidly as possible, present the evidence for this case in the body of your essay, then sum up and try to lift the argument to a higher level in your conclusion. Your final plan should be something like a list of six to ten major points of argument. Each one of these points will be expanded to a paragraph of around 100-200 words minimum in length (never one sentence! ). Relevance At all stages of essay planning, and even when writing the essay, you should keep the question in mind. Keep asking yourself Is this evidence directly relevant to the topic I have been asked to discuss? If in doubt, be prepared to scrap plans and formulate new ones which is much easier than scrapping finished essays. At all times aim for clarity and logic in your argument From: clpd. bbk. ac. uk/students/essayplanning 13 Sample Essay Plan 1 Critically examine the view that voting behaviour in the United Kingdom during the last thirty years has been increasingly influenced by factors other than social class. 1. Introduction You first need to identify the view that is being questioned. This is the theory of dealignment, which claims that the class–party relationship has broken down. This view, and the question itself, assumes that voting behaviour more than thirty years ago was influenced mainly by social class. You may want to question this assumption. You will need, therefore, to take a historical approach to the question, looking at trends over time. You should say that you will look at the traditional view and that you will then consider the case for and against dealignment. 2. The class–party relationship. class– This section will look at the argument that there has been a strong relationship between class and party. The work of Butler and Stokes was a classic statement of this, showing that working-class voters supported the Labour Party and middle-class voters supported the Conservative Party. Butler and Stokes noted that this relationship was not perfect: there were ‘deviant’ voters who voted in the opposite way. You will get more credit if you can give examples: for example, the manual workers with ‘deferential’ attitudes. They also pointed to the tendency for the elderly and for women to be more Conservative than their class background would suggest. 3. Dealignment It has been suggested that a process of dealignment has been occurring since at least the 1970s. There are two aspects to this alleged dealignment- partisan dealignment and class dealignment- and you should define each of these. You will gain extra marks if you can show that this is a deep-seated trend and is not unique to Britain. Behind this argument is the claim that ‘issue voting’ is now more important than class commitment. People are seen as making rational choices about which party is most likely to pursue appropriate policies on issues that concern them. Voters are, therefore, more ‘instrumental’. This also leads, so Heath et al. have argued, to more ‘tactical’ voting and, therefore, to less predictability in elections. 4. The New Right and centre politics Some commentators (for example, Stuart Hall) see the decline of class voting as, in part, a consequence of the rise of ‘authoritarian populism’ during the 1980s. This move to the right undermined Labour support in Britain and saw Labour defeats in 1983, 1987, and 1992. Labour’s response to these changes was to move closer to the centre of the political divide in order to recapture the more instrumental, issueoriented voters. You could conclude your discussion by saying that New Labour won the election in 1997 because it no longer relied on the declining foundations of its traditional, class-based support. You should make the point that political change cannot be explained in terms of political factors alone. There have been a number of important social and economic changes in Britain, and these have affected the old class allegiances. Factors pointed to have been the rise in the employment of women, the declining manufacturing base, the increasing number of service-sector jobs, the decline in the trade-union movement, and the break-up of old communities. You could draw on various evidence of these factors and how they have undermined the significance of class. 14 6. Conclusion An examination of the evidence seems to indicate that there has been a change in voting behaviour and that this can usefully be seen as involving a decline in class alignment and a strengthening of factors other than class. You might also like to conclude, however, that class remains an important factor alongside these other factors and that class dealignment is not the same thing as the emergence of a classless society. 15 Sample Sample essay plan 2 Should the government leave house prices to market forces, or actively intervene to prevent a house price crash? Justify your answer. Evaluation might consider some of these questions: What does a house price crash actually mean? What is the case for leaving house prices to market forces? What is the case for some form of intervention? What are the options for intervention? What are the problems with such intervention? Will house prices crash as the question implies – this can and should be challenged in your answer A housing crash / market correction might be exactly what the arket needs after a ten year boom! The case for leaving house prices to market forces? Ultimately house prices are determined by what homebuyers are willing and able to pay for a property and also the number of properties (new and existing) made available for sale Demand is driven by Incomes Unemployment The cost of a mortgage The availability of mortgage finance (including the loans to income multiple) Expectations of future price movements Supply is driven by Costs of construction Availability of land for housing development and its price Expectations of future price movements The number of properties existing homeowners decide to sell at a given price case The case for leaving it to the market is that Eventually if prices rise too far, demand will fall off and prices will adjust Higher prices will stimulate an increase in new house-building which will help the market reach equilibrium Private sector agents are often better judges of what the market needs than the government There is no certainty that the market will crash – it might experience a slowdown over a number of years The case for government intervention is that The booming market has created an inequitable (unfair) allocation of resources Major problems for housing affordability / impact on mobility of labour A housing crash would create difficulties for the economy and risk causing a collapse in consumer spending / recession Options for intervention: 16 Interest rates n ot an option – these are set independently by the Bank of England! Changes in stamp duty e. g. ower stamp duty for the lower end of the housing market New schemes to promote part ownership – part rent to increase affordability Relaxation of planning controls to stimulate new house building Increase in investment spending in new social housing to give people more choice of housing types What are the problems with such intervention? Risk of government failure Ineffective policies – government policies might actually do very little given the power of market forces Time lags – it takes a long time for government policies to work, by which time the market might already have started to adjust or a major housing correction might have happened. 17

7 Bad Speaking Habits You Should Avoid [Infographic]

7 Bad Speaking Habits You Should Avoid [Infographic] You’re always making an impression in the workplace. Don’t make an amateur mistake and think that people don’t take note of your casual observations in the break room or  whispered hallway  complainfests. What you say in the workplace stays in the workplace†¦and colors how people perceive you and your level of professionalism. You need to remember that you aren’t among your buddies–you’re at a place of employment, where even the most talented employee can come across as negative, petty, and untrustworthy due to misspeaking in word or in tone. Read on to find Business Insider‘s 7 Habits of Bad Speakers, and then work to eradicate these habits from your daily speech.

Parents Should not be Punished for Their Childrens Crimes Essay - 7

Parents Should not be Punished for Their Childrens Crimes - Essay Example They believe that the behavior that children have comes from many sources such as school, friends, media and neighborhood (Rude 1). These groups of people argue that parents are not to blame, children learn from each other and they tend to have more influence on each other compared to the influence that parents may have on them (Rude 2). For instance, my 8 year old nephew had a problem in school. He broke a glass in the school’s restroom and when 8-year-old kid him ‘why did you do that?’ he said, ‘my friend told me to do that!’ Therefore, he acted according to what his friend told him and not what his parents might have taught him. This is an indication that children may not always follow what their parents teach them, they have a lot of influence from other sources (Rude 2). Although Children do not have sufficient knowledge on what is good or harmful for them, it is the responsibility of the parents to adequately guide them. For example, most of the time, children will say what they hear, regardless of whether it is good or bad. However, older people know what is good or bad and should offer guidance. If a child knows that they are likely to be punished for saying or doing certain things, they will not do them. Although it may be hard for them to know the difference between right and wrong, parents are old enough to evaluate everything and they should guide them. Thus, parents should not be totally blamed for their children’s mistakes, even though they remain the most influential people in a child’s life (Rude 1).

Food production and service systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Food production and service systems - Essay Example The fast food items like meat, eggs, fish, bakery, beverages, etc. are increasingly consumed by the people in today’s world. This led corporate houses in the food industry to invest in fast food business. With the presence of a large number of customers in the fast food industry, the number of business houses began to tap the opportunities of increasing demand of fast food. In order to cater to the rising demand of fast food consumers, the production of the fast food were also increased over the years. In order to provide fast food to the consumers with convenience that specially fits the requirements of cost and time, the fast food outlets were developed. Easy and low cost establishment of the fast food outlets helped this industry to cater to a large number of customers at optimal cost. The delivery system of the fast food chains is also important for sustainable business in the highly competitive markets. Several potential opportunities in fast food industry motivated the producers to invest in the emerging overseas markets apart from their domestic markets for expansion of business. Several fast food outlet and food chains are visible in the food markets with the producers focusing on quality fast food with excellence service to gain competitive edge in this high competitive market. (Brotherton, 2012, p.22). McDonalds McDonalds is one of the largest fast food chains in the world. The company has active presence in 119 countries and is catering more than 68 million customers. McDonalds started their fast food business with the sell of hamburgers which became famous among the consumers. Over the years McDonalds have increased their offerings by looking at the growing demands among their consumers. The production in fast food category of McDonalds includes variety of food items of chicken, fish and also beverages like ice cream. The fast food offered to the customers include hamburgers, fried chickens, cheeseburgers, pizza, French fries, salad, fried fish items, beverages, milkshakes and also a combination of all these offerings (Smith, 2007, p.40). The production and distribution of fast food is customized as per the requirements of different markets. McDonalds have special offerings in the name of McRib which are sandwiches sold by the company for particular seasons. Due to the seasonality of McRib, the sale of such sandwiches is in the peak levels of the season in which it is offered. Several fast food outlets of McDonalds in Asia are selling soup and beverages which are comparatively in high demand in the market. The fast food outlets of McDonalds sell beer in Germany and other European countries. The regional food taboos are also followed by the McDonalds fast food outlets

Law and Morality Essay Example for Free

Law and Morality Essay J. M. FINNIS: Rules made, in accordance with regulative legal rules, by a determinate and effective authority (itself identified and standard constituted as an institution by legal rules) for a ‘complete’ community, and buttressed by sanctions in accordance with the rule-guided stipulations of adjudicative institutions. [1] NATURALISTS ST. THOMAS AQUINAS: A rational ordering of things which concern the common good, promulgated by whoever is charged with the care of the community. [2] SOCIOLOGISTS ROSCOE POUND: Law is more than a set of abstract norms, it is also a process of balancing conflicting interests and securing the satisfaction of the maximum wants with the minimum of friction. [3] WHAT IS MORALITY? No single definition can be offered to describe what morality is, but in general morality can be understood as a rule prescribing between what is wrong and what is wrong. It could also mean a value of the acceptable and unacceptable norm of a given society. Some reserve terms moral and immoral only for the realm of sexuality and use the words ethical and unethical instead of the word moral when discussing how the business and professional communities should behave towards their members or toward the public. [4] RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAW AND MORALITY 1. The existence of unjust laws proves that morality and law are not identical and do not coincide. 2. The existence of laws that serve to defend basic values, law and morality can work together. 3. Laws can state what overt offenses count as wrong and punishable. 4. Laws govern conduct at least partly through fear of punishment. 5. Morality can influence the law in the sense that it can provide the reason for making whole groups of immoral elections illegal. 6. Law can be a public expression of morality which codifies in a public way the basic principles of conduct which a society accepts. [5] PUBLIC PROSECUTOR v MOHD ROMZAN BIN RAMLI[6] BRIEF EXPLANATION ON THE CASE: Mohd Romzan bin Ramli was charged under the offence of incest under the provision of section 376A of the Penal Code- a person is said to commit incest if he or she has sexual intercourse with another person whose relationship to him or her is such that he or she is prohibited, under the law, religion, custom or usage applicable to him or her, to marry that person; and was sentenced to six years of imprisonment and one stroke of rotan under section 376B(1)- punish with imprisonment between 6 to 20 years and whipping; of the same Code. The accused had committed the crime in between early January 2006 to 26th May 2006 in a room at his house in Kulai, Johor Bharu, Johor. To an 11-year old girl, Nurul Atikah bte Abdul Kadir, which is also his stepdaughter. In 2006, the girl was forced to undress by the accused and was disturbed sexually by him. He had done the disturbance to her several times. In addition, he threatened her not to tell anyone and had beaten her. Father of the victim, lodged a police report after he had noticed changes in his daughter after he had picked her from his ex-wife’s home. After medical check-ups were done by the doctor, the victim suffered from injuries in her private part and was treated by a psychologist. The accused pleaded guilty in front of the judge,Zawawi Salleh in the High Court of Johor Bharu, prosecuted by the Deputy Public Prosecutor, Husmin Hussin (Johor, State Legal Advisor Office). However, his sentences was changed to eleven years of imprisonment and three strokes of rotan, after the case was appealed to the High Court Of Johor Bharu from the Sessions Court Johor Bharu. The sentences were changed as it was unfair to the victim by taking her trauma and injuries into account and the public views about this case. OPINION/CONCLUSION In my opinion, the action of appealing the judgement made by the Sessions Court of Johor Bharu was a just and fair decision. Six years of imprisonment with one stroke of rattan is too little compared to the crime. According to John Austin, he defines law as a command given by a sovereign who may be a King, council or parliament. Such a command in his view is backed by coercion so that any person who violates the law, suffer the pain provided by law. [7] The accused needs to be punished for what he had done to the victim. The victim was just a little, innocent girl compared to him whose already old enough to think about right and wrong. Secondly, punishments for committed crimes are not only to punish the criminals, it is also as a deterrence to the public to not commit the same crime as they will be punished in accordance with the law too. Six years imprisonment and one stroke of rattan are not sufficient enough to deter the crime. As John Austin stated on why do we have to obey the law? It is because of the fear of sanction. Austin view is the fear by which the law, by its coercive power, strikes in the heart of the people is what makes people obey the law. If we remove the element of fear from the law, it would not be obeyed as there would be no deterrence. In other words, if a law is made without sanction, it would be disobeyed. [8] Lastly, after the High Court Judge of Johor Bharu sentenced the accused to eleven years of imprisonment and three strokes of rattan, only then, the justice can be seen. Bentham refers justice as maximum happiness of maximum number of people. [9] The public’s views on the case are also need to be considered. Minimum sentences given could cause an uproar in the society. Even Hart mentioned that justice is a shared concept; everybody wants justice seen and done. This is also supported by the aim of having law is to maintain peace and harmony. [1] M. D. A Freeman, Lloyd’s Introduction to Jurisprudence, page 178. [2] M. D. A Freeman, Lloyd’s Introduction to Jurisprudence, page 143. [3] Hari Chand, Modern Jurisprudence, 1994, International Law Book Services, Kuala Lumpur, page 205. [4] Jacques T. Ethics Theory and Practice, (5th ed. ). New Jersey: Prentice Hall, (1995): 3. [5] Basic Observations on Law and Morality. 10 September 2001. Web. 13 August 2012. [6] â€Å"Public Prosecutor v Mohd Romzan bin Ramli. † Malayan Law Journal, 22nd January 2012. Web. 13th August 2012. . [7] Hari Chand, Modern Jurisprudence, page 72,80,81. [8] Hari Chand, Modern Jurisprudence, page 74. [9] â€Å"Jeremy Bentham. † N. p. Web. 14th August 2012. .